Ebook Etika dan Hukum Keperawatan : Nursing Research Using Phenomenology ; Qualitative Designed and Methods in Nursing
Phenomenology is a descriptive approach to knowledge. It seeks to describe
and articulate the fundamental structures—or essences, or grammars—of
human experience just as this experience presents itself to and in and for
experience. As such, phenomenology can explore the logic of the whole
gamut of human experience—from the experience of looking at a work of art
to the experience of falling in love with another person, from the experience
of perceiving an object in space to the experience of fi xing a broken piece of
furniture. Any gerund—anything that ends in “-ing”—can be a fruitful fi eld
for a phenomenological investigation to be performed to elucidate its struc-
ture or grammar as an experience.
Of course, phenomenology’s descriptive approach to knowledge
can and should also serve a critical function. While phenomenology is not
opposed to other ways of knowing, in particular, those ways of engaging
and understanding reality practiced in the natural and physical sciences, it
does resist the attempt to colonize all knowledge and truth by some prac-
titioners of these empirical sciences. As such, in a fi eld like nursing, phe-
nomenological investigations will offer a critical perspective against natural
science approaches that seek to know and affect the human mind and body
as physical or material objects open to study only through empirical science
and treatable only through physical remedies like medicine or surgery.
A phenomenological approach in the health sciences will ask: What is
the essence of the experiences of being diagnosed, being sick, being a patient,
being dependent, being hospitalized, recovering, or dying? And, in the nurs-
ing fi eld, phenomenology will ask: What is the essence of caregiving, of
being present with the dying, of celebrating recovery, and so on?
Phenomenology recognizes that illness, or being ill, for example, is
not only a physical phenomenon in an objective sense: Illness is also a lived
experience of the subjective, embodied, feeling self. Phenomenology also
recognizes that a nurse’s work is not only or even primarily scientifi c work,
XIV Foreword
but human work: The work of a nurse is the work of an embodied subject,
a feeling and knowing and experiencing person in relationship to another
embodied subject, the patient, who is another feeling and knowing and expe-
riencing person. Phenomenology in nursing is concerned with the subjective,
living person in her or his lived body in the experience of health and illness—
both nurse and patient. As such, it could have radical effects.
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